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Coinnicmoration of tbe Jfourtb Centenary 

OF TliK 

H)i6co\>cr^ of Bnierica. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION, MADRID. 



CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF 

PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES 

NATIONAL MUSEuk 



THOMAS WILSON, 
t 



From the Report of the Madrid Commission, r8g2. 



WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OKKICE. 
1895- 



w^ 

^^A-3 



CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF 
PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 
MUSEUM. 



By THOMAS WILSON, Curator. 



The Department of Prebistoric Authroiiology of tlie National Museum 
was represented at the Exposicion Historico- Americana, Madrid, 1892, 
by about 5,000 objects, selected from the department, and intended to 
present a synopsis of aboriginal industry. The objects were exposed 
in nineteen double slope-topped cases, which were distributed through- 
out the main hall assigned to the United States at the Exposition. The 
objects were classified, so far as possible, in such way as to show a 
series of implements and objects in each case or in each portion of a 
case. General labels descriptive of the series were printed in Spanish 
and distributed in their appropriate places. A description of the 
objects displayed, together with the names assigned them, the material 
used, the mode of manufacture and probable purpose, is attempted 
to be set forth in the following pages. 

PALEOLITHIC AGE. 

The first appearance of man on earth has been assigned in Europe to the Quater- 
nary Geologic period ; in the United States to the close of the Glacial Epoch, though 
this has been denied. 

The Paleolithic implements are the first known works of man. They have been 
found over the world in the Quaternary deposits, associated many times with the 
remains of extinct animals belonging to that geologic period. The different epochs 
of human culture of the Paleolithic age have, in western and southern Europe, received 
the designations of Cave-bear, Mammoth, Reindeer, Bison epochs, after the animals 
which characterize them, and after the deposits. Alluvial and Cavern, and all 
after the localities, Chelleen, Moustierian, Solutrien, Madalenien epochs. They are 
periods represented in this display. 

ALLUVIAL PERIOD. 

CHELLEEN EPOCH. 

Block of cemented sand and gravel from the Quaternary gravels of the river 
Marne at Chelles, east of Paris, in which Paleolithic implements have been 
found. Pieces of worked flint are to be seen in it, while other fragments from 
the loose sands beneath are by its side. This station has given its name to the 
earliest ejioch of the Paleolithic age. 

Seven Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of southern England. 
Similar implements have been found on the surface. They are of the flint of the 
country, and have been chipped to their present shape. Many of them show 
signs of use. They are almond-shaped, thick in proportion to their width, and 
have the cutting edge at the point. 

93 



94 COLUMBIAlSr HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Four Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of the river Sonune at St. 
Acheul and Ameius, northern France ; of flint, pointed, almond-shaped, crust of 
pebble left for grip, and v?ith cutting edge at the small end. (Fig. 1.) 




rig. 1. 

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMEIfT OF FLINT. 
Chelleen Epoch, Alluvial Period. St. Acheul, Fiance. 

Thirty Chelleen implements from different localities in northern, central, southern, 
and northwestern France. They are of flint and have the same general form as 
those mentioned from England 




Fig. 2. 

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT (QUARTZITE.) 

From near Madras, India. 

Three Chelleen implements from central France, of the usual thick almond form. 
They are of flint, which, from weathering or exposure to the chalk bed, have 
become whitened. In the highlands of the interior these are sometimes found 
on or near the surface. 

Two Chelleen implements from the gravels of the river Garonne, near Toulouse, made 
from quartzite bowlders. They are rudely chipped, and thick, and the cutting 
edge is at the point as in other paleolithic implements. They resemble the 
specimens from Piney Branch, near Washington, D. C. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



95 



Two smaller Chelleen implements of qiiartzite, from the celebrated workshop of 
Bois-du-Rocher iu Brittany. Discovered by MM. Micault and Fornier. These are 
more in the form of disks, chipped on both sides and to an edge all around. 

Paleolithic implements have been found iu isolated localities throughout northern 
Italy and in Sjiain and Portugal. These specimens are from Lake Garda iu the 
Tyrol. (See Cartaillac for locality.) 

TAveuty Paleolithic imxilements of flint, which, with many others, were found iu the 
foothills on the left border of the Nile, Egypt, by Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston. 
He received a bronze medal from the Association Frangaise for his discovery. 

Four Paleolithic implements from the Laterite beds near Madras, southwestern 
Hindostan, Asia. (Fig. 2.) Similar ones have been found near Nerbuddah, north- 
western Hindostan. They are of quartzite, rudely made, but have the usual 
characteristics of thickness and the cutting edge at the smaller end. Also 3 
specimens found near Yokohama, Japan, possibly Paleolithic. 

CAVERN PERIOD. 



Six specimens of qtiartzite chips and implements of human art work, from Cresswell 
Caves, Yorkshire, England, associated with remains of Mammoth, Rhinoceros, 
and other extinct animals. Collected by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, of Manchester, 
England. 





Fig. 3. 

MOUSTIERIAN POINT, SPEAR OR OTHERWISE 

(FLINT). 

From Cavern of Le Moustier. 



Fig. 4. 

OPPOSITE VIEW OF FIG. 



Five specimens of red earth from lower stratum of Rents Cavern, Torquay, contain- 
ing tooth of Cave-Bear, with a section of the overlying stalagmitic deposit. In 
this were found teeth of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hyena, associated with 
Chelleen implements. Collected by Mr. W. Pengelly, of Torquay, England. 



MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH. 



Seven 



Moustierian points from Cavern of Moustier, France (Figs. 3-4). Scrapers 
} same, with cutting edge on the side and not at the end (Figs. 5-6). Cave- 



96 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



SOLUTRIEN EPOCH. 

Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutr(5, near Clialons-Sur-Sa6ne, 
France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during this epoch. The 
chipped edge of flint scrapers is changed from the side to the end. Two liinds 
of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only 
on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, the other the leaf shaped, long, 
broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch 
thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping. 

MADALENIEN EPOCH. 

Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine, 
on the V6zere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued during this epoch; 
scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har- 
poons were common. The man of this epoch was an artist. More than 400 
specimens of engraving on bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in the 
Caverns of this period. 




Fig. 5. 

MOUSTIEKIAK SCRAPER, SHOWING BULB OP PER- 
CUSSION (FLINT). 
'From Chez Poure. 



Fig. 6. 

OPPOSITE SIDE FIG. 5. 



EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE. 

Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany, 
and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Schaft'hausen and 
Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not 
small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0.72. 
Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than 
the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless, 
Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better, 
to the earliest known type ot the human race. 

Cast of the Olmo Skull, from the celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val 
d'Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso- 
ciated with worked flints, horse teeth, and mammoth tusks, all of which, with 
the original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is 
claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It 
is too fragmentary to be measured. 

Cast of Laugerie Basse Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives 
(Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns 
of Laugerie Basse on the V6rzere, Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire 
and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn np, the hands placed on the 
side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a 
detached and fallen rock. It is in the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern 
belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate I. 







))W^vi 





' 'I 

p r 
Jhlf/j 



htii I 




(/jr^ ] 



Paleolithic Implements. 

Points of the Solutrian epoch. leaf-shai>eil, ami shouldered on one side. Cavern iieriud 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate II. 






te^ 



Paleolithic Implements. 

Fig. 1. Flint scraper, with rounded end. La Madeleine. Dordogne France 
Fis. 2. Flint flake: probably a saw or knife. La Madeleine. Dordoffne France 
tigs. 3 and 4. Flint sra vers. La Madeleine, Dordogne. France " 

Fi8;.s. .5 and (J. Flint points or drills. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate III. 



fv 






|';1 
|-il 



;• 



'I 



m 




Paleolithic Implements. 

V^l' -' r' ^' !^"~' 1i Harpooias made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine Dordosne Franoe 
F'««- •■'' •'• «:"f,/,;Z?'" .:.^"';l •^^■■Poons made of reindeer horn; hole"lnd sllt^.^attlK 



smitlierii Fi-ant 



attachment to shaft; 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madnd. — Wilson. 



Plate IV. 






Paleolithic Implements. 

Fig. 1. EiiKi-avinK of pike on cauine tooth of l)ear. Grotto of Dnrntby. southwesteni France. 
Fig. 2. Engi-aviug of seal ou canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Dunithy, sonthwestern France. 
Fig. 3. Engravings of a man, hor.ses. aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La iMadeleine. 
Dordogne, France. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 97 

Cast of the Engis Skull, discovered by Dr. Sclimerling in the Cavern of Engis, near 
Liege, Belginni, in the year 1833. It was of this skull that Professor Huxley 
said that it might have belonged to a savage or a philosopher. 

NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED STONE AGE. 

The name Neolithic was given by'Sir John Lubbock to the later stone age to dis- 
tinguish it from the earlier, the Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Age. Mauy of the 
stone implements, after being chipped or pecked into shape, were smoothed or pol- 
ished by grinding. Some, such as scrapers, arrow and spear heads, were always 
chii)ped and not polished. This period introduces a new civilization— that of a 
sedentary and agricultural people, with flocks and Jierds, plants, fruits, textiles, and 
pottery. Tribal organizations were formed, religious sentiments manifested, the 
dead buried, and funeral monuments erected. 

Forty-four flint objects from workshops in Great Britain and Ireland, showing the 
mode of manufacture. Cores and flakes of black flint fitted together as in the 
original block, with knapping hammer, from modern gun-flint workshops at 
Brandon, Suffolk. (Fig. 7.) Prehistoric blades and flakes, scrapers, discs, 
hatchets, chisels, and poignards, polished and partly polished, from Cissbury, 
southern J^ngland, and from Ireland. Arrowheads of various forms. 




Fig. 7. 

FLINT CORE, WITH ITS BLADES AS STRUCK, IN PLACE. 

Br:indi>n, England. Evans's Ancient Stoue Implements of Gre;it Britain. 

Nineteen worked flint implements from the Prehistoric workshops of Grand Pres- 
siguy, near Tours, France. Large cores (Hvres dii beiirre), hammers, blades, 
flakes, daggers, and points. All of the yellow flint of Grand Fressigny. 

Eighteen implements and objects from the Prehistoric flint quarries and workshops 
of Spiennes, Belgium. Unpolished hatchets, cores, blades, flakes, hammers, etc. 

Thirty-three flint implements, many of them from Prehistoric workshops in Scandi- 
navia. Cores, hammers, blades, flakes, scrapers, crescents, daggers, arrow and 
spear heads. 

Sixty-two flint iuiplemeuts and objects from eastern and northern Italy. Small 
cores, flakes, scrapers, discs, points, and beautiful arrowheads. 

Ten flint and obsidian cores aud flakes. From Syria, 2 specimens ; Island of Crete, 4 
specimens; Island of Milo, 4 specimens. 

Seventy-one flint flakes and points discovered by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie at Kahun 
in the Fayum, Lower Egypt, in 1889. Mauy of these show signs of use. They 
belong to the time of Amenentop III, of the Twelfth Dynasty, about 2050 B. C, 
and are probably the earliest Prehistoric specimeus to which an historical date 
can be given. 

H. Ex. 100 7 



98 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Seventeen obsidian cores and blades from Mexico and Central America (fig. 8). The 
blades are thin, sharp, and beautifully made. Large worked flakes, scrapers, 
arrow and sjiear heads of flint and obsidian. 




Fig. 8. 

OBSIDIAN CORE AND FLAKES. 

Mexico. 

Twelve specimens of drilled axes from Europe. These are plentiful in the Swiss 
lakes and in Scandinavia. In Europe tlie drilled axes take the place of the 
American grooved axes. These specimens show different kinds of drilling, and 
difl^erent stages of progress. Some were drilled from one side, others from 
both. Some have been drilled with a hollow bit, and a number of entire cores 
thus made are shown. These implements belonged to the Neolithic period, but 
continued into the Iron Age. 
Six chipped stone hatchets from Europe and Asia. These have been first chipped 

into shape ready for grinding, and 
tlien polished. The series shows 
the process of manufacture. The 
first (fig. 9) is rudely and the sec- 
ond (fig. 10) finely chipped; the 
third (fig. 11) is i>artly and the 
fourth (fig. 12) entirely polished; 
the fifth (fig. 13) is rechipped to 
an edge and the sixth (fig. 14) 
reground. 
Stone hatchets in jirocess of manufac- 
ture, chipped but not yet grounder 
polished, from the United States 
of America. Similar objects be- 
longing to prehistoric times are 
found in nearly every country. 
Polished stone hatchets are representa- 
tive implements of the Neolithic 
period throughout the world. 
They vary greatly, in size. They 
were intended for the same general 
purpose as the grooved ax, and the 
same remarks as to material and 
mode of manufacture apply. On the coast and among the islands similar hatchets 
were made of shell (fig. 16). Polished stone hatchets were inserted in wooden 
handles, though in the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland horn was used as an inter- 
Hiediary . Nearly every country is represented. Eighteen specimens from Europe ; 
9 specimens from Asia; 11 specimens from the United State.s and Canada (fig. 
15); 2 specimens from Mexico; 6 specimens from Central America; 6 specimens 
from West Indies; 5 specimens from South America. Total, 57 specimens. 





Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 

POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. ■ 

Showing process nf manufacture, Europe ( nfter Mortillet). 



Colurrbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson 



Plate V. 




"^■CL- 





Paleolithic C) Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 

Chipped on one side only. 

(Half natural size. ) 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. 



Plate Vi. 






■•-v/^' 






/^' 












Paleolithic i') Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 

Chipped on liotli sides. 

(Half natural size.) 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



99 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

EVIDENCES OF THE EXTREME ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 

The existence of mau on the American continent during a stage of culture corre- 
sponding to the Paleolithic period in Europe has h(;eu the subject of much dispute 
among American anthropologists and geologists. The investigations iu this respect 
in the United States of America have not been so prolbuud as iu Europe, and anthro- 
pologists are not unanimous concerning the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. The 
contemporaneity of the periods in the two hemispheres has not been universally 
accepted, nor has the relationship of the men who made or used the implements been 
established. 
Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic age 

from European countries have been found in the United States, which, if found 

in Europe, would be accepted as belonging to that age. These have been found 

by the hundred in every section of 

the United States on the surface and 

at varying depths in the gravels of 

several rivers, and in the Pleistocene 

deposits. Eliut, argillite, andquart- 

zite were the materials mostly used. 

The implements are rude and thick 

and always chipped. Twenty-one 

implements from every part of the 

United States are shown. 
Fossil human thorax. Seven vertebra 

with corresponding ribs and ster- 
num, from Osprey, Sarasota Bay, 

Manatee County, Fla. The bones 

are fossilized. They were found on 

the seashore incased in indurated 

ferruginous sandstone. The two 

pieces of stone belong together and 

form one subject ; thej' were broken 

in extraction. The sandstone Avas 

overlaid by surface deposits li to 3 

feet. Geologists assign it to the <,, . r . v , ,. ^, . „ .^ 

5» o Showing process of in;inuni(ture, Kurope (alter Mortillet). 

Quaternary period. Found by 
.Judge John G. Webb. 

Fossilized human skull, turned to iron. From Osprey, Manatee County, Fla. Found 
in 1868 at a depth of 2 or 3 feet in the undisturbed subsoil in proximity to a 
shell heap. The skull was accidentally broken at its discovery. The skeleton 
was in place. The bones were sent forward, but some of them were lost. Part 
of them are now in the Peabody Museum. The skull and other bones were 
turned to limonite (hydrous ses(i[uioxide of iron) by process of fossilization. 
The measurements of the skull are : Glabella to occipital protuberance, 170 mm. ; 
breadth above the auditory meatuses, 131 mm.; breadth of the forehead at tem- 
poral ridges, 102 mm. Found by Judge John G. Webb. 

Fossilized human thigh bone, changed to iron. A piece of limonite (hydrous ses- 
quioxide of iron) containing a portion of a human thigh bone which has itself 
been changed to limonite. From Sarasota Bay, Florida. Collected by Col. Joseph 
Wilcox, of Philadelphia. 

Bock formation from Sarasota Bay, Florida, containing fossilized shell of (1) "\'enus, 
(2) Pecten, (3) Fasciolaria tulipa, and others overlying the limonite formation 
containing the human remains from the same locality. 'I'hese shells belong to 
the Quaternary Ge(jIogic period as well as to the recent. Collected by Col. 
Joseph Wilcox, of Phila<lelphia- 





Fig. 11. 



Fig. 12. 



POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OK FLINT. 



100 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Fossil pyrula shell, bearing a prehistoric engraving of a mastodon. Tliis shell was 
fovmd in a peat bed near Claymont, Del., by Mons. Snrault. It was associated 
with prehistoric objects of stone and bone. It bears an engraving or etching in 
outline of a Mastodon, and has every appearance of antiquity. The species of 
shell is native to the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States. 
Chert implements of human manufacture said to have been taken from the Equus beds 
of San Diego, Tex. The Equus beds belong to the Quaternary Geologic period 
and contain fossil bones of the Mylodon, Megalonys, Equus, Elephas, and other 
extiuct animals. Late investigations by Mr. II. C. Mercer causes the belief that 
these implements were on and not iu the Equus deposits. 
Prehistoric implements found in the auriferous gravels under Table Mountain, Cali- 
fornia. In past geologic ages, the Stanislaus River ran iu a different channel, 2 or 
3 miles distant from the present channel, and at nigh 2,000 feet greater altitude. 
This ancient channel was of coarse gravels brought down from the mountain, 
and they contain the gold that has given the State the name of El Dorado. The 

gravels reached a thickness in many places 
of 200 feet, and became indurated, possibly 
the result of an outflow of volcanic mud or 
cement. After this an eruption of volcanic 
basalt ran down the stream, filled the chan- 
nel, and covered it and the adjacent country 
with a sheet of lava hundreds of feet in 
thickness. It is sometimes divided into 
layers. This eruption, aided possibly by 
subsequent glaciers, displaced the stream 
and drove it to its present channel. All 
this happened at such a distant period of 
time as that the new channel has since been 
eroded nigh 2,000 feet below the lava cap. 
The gravels in the ancient channels are now 
pierced by shafts and tunnels in search of 
gold. These explorations are declared to 
have brought to light human and animal 
remains and objects of human industry, 
which, if true, demonstrates the high an- 
tiquity of man in America. 
Mortars and pestles. From under the lava beds of Table Mountain, California. This 
mortar and pestle were, with other stone mortars and several obsidian spearheads, 
found by Mr. J. H. Neale in the Montezuma Tunnel, 1,500 feet distant from its 
mouth and 300 feet under the solid lava cap of Table Mountain. Collected by 
Dr. R. I. Bromley, of Sonora, Cal., and Mr. George F. Becker, Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C. (Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, p. 189.) 
Calaveras skull. From "The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California." 
(Mem. Museum Comp. Zoology, Harvard College, bj' .T. D. Whitney. ) This broken 
skull was found in Calaveras County, Cal., February, 1866, in the auriferous 
gravels 132 feet beneath the surface, in a shaft while digging for gold. There 
were four layers of volcanic lava over it, 40, 30, 15, and 9 feet, respectively, with 
intermediate layers of gravel. According to Professor Whitney it was a Plio- 
cene deposit; others have denied this and have assigned it to a much later date, 
but, without discussing the age of the deposit, it is l)elieved to beof high antiquity 
and belonged to a past geologic period. The authenticity of the skull has been 
attacked, but favorable evidence is accumulating; objects of undoubted human 
industry are being found iu the same horizon, and disbelief in its genuineness is 
passing away. The original skull is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. 





rig. 13. 



Fig. 14. 



POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. 



!inufai-ture, Europe (after Mortillet) 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



101 



Polished stone pestle. This implement came from the cemented auriferous gravel 
under the basalt or lava cap of Table Mountain, California. The linder vras Mr. 
Clarence Jving, then director of the Geological Survey of the United States. 
He found it in place while searching for fossils. It is tine-grained diabase. No 
doubt can exist as to the authenticity of the implement, its being of human 
industry, or its extraction from the original place of deposit. 

Stone implements from the auriferous gravels of California. These are enigmas of 
prehistoric science in North America. If any reliance can be placed in human 
testimony, we must believe that these, with mortars and similar objects to the 
number of several hundred, have been found under volcanic lava beds, and that 
they belong to a past Geologic period. If thus found, they are among the 
earliest known implements made by man, and yet they would seem to be of the 
Neolithic or Polished Stone civilization, and so would belong to prehistoric man 




56, hematite. Ohio; 57, greenstone, Indiana; 58, syenite. 111 
61, yellow flint, Louisiana; 62, greenstone. North Carolina. 



Pig-. 15. 

POLISHED STONE HATCHETS. 
; 59, greenstone, Te 



; 60, chloritic slate, Tennessee mound; 



in the present Geologic iieriod. Tlie objects are mortnrs and pestles of hard 
stone, obsidian leaf-shajied implements, steatite bowls, ladles, and platters, 
hammers or siukers with a pecked groove around. These contradictions must 
await the investigation of the geologist and paleontologist as well as the 
archa'ologist. 
Obsidian speaiiie;id from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quaternary Lake 
Lahontan. Found by Mr. W J McGee, of the Geological Survey, in undis- 
turbed clay deposits, 25 feet beneath the surface, and "associated in such manner 
with the bones of an elephant or mastodon as to leave no doubt as to their having 
been buried at approximately the same time." (Geological History of Lake 
Lahontan, Vol. XI, p. 246.) Professor Gilbert, chief of the geologic work, says 
( Anthrop. Journal, Washington, Vol. II, October, 1889, p. 312) ; " This object was 
indubitably made by man ; was from a well-determined date (the second occupa- 
tion by an ice sheet of the Laurentian basin). It was found in situ and by a 
trained observer, who recognized the importance of his discovery before he dis- 
turbed the matrix inclosing the implement." 



102 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Obsidian speavheads. 



2 54. 



The second obsidian spearhead was found in the debris of an excavation in Mono 
Lake, California, in marls of the same age as those of the Walker River Canyon, 
and which Mr. McGee says are "presumptively Quaternary." 
The third obsidian spearhead was found projecting from the face of a precipice of 
Columbia (early Quaternary) loam at the head of Chesapeake I'ay, Maryland. 
These objects were all collected by Mr. McGee, who, while admitting their evident 
human origin, does not accept them as evidence of the contemporaneous exist- 
ence of man. 

These, with other prehistoric implements, are found in abun- 
dance in the sandy bed of an extinct lake in 
southeastern Oregon. It has been named Fossil 
Lake, from the numberof fossil remamsof birds 
and animals found therein belonging to the 
Quaternary Geologic period. The implements 
are so intimately associated Avith the fossils as 
to indicate their contemporaneous deposit. 
Two specimens, collected by Prof. E. D. Cope. 
Section of prehistoric rock - shelter, Claymont 
(Naaman's Creek), Del. The structure is shown 
in the sectional drawing. There was a cavity 

255 





Fig. 16. 

SHELL iIaTCHETS. 
Like those of polished stone: 254, Florida; 255, Kentucky. 

in the solid rock 20 or 30 feet wide and 5 or fi feet deep. It has been occupied by 
prehistoric man, and the various layers, with their debris, show the different 
periods. Layers B, D, F, and H contained prehistoric implements, of which 
those in the three trays B, D, and H are samples. The upper layers contained 
arrowheads, pottery, and objects identical with the neolithic culture, while the 
lower layers contained large, rude implements resembling those of paleolithic 
culture. Collected by Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia. 

Tray I, Layer B : 

Paleoliths, quartzite 2 

Paleoliths, argillite 6 

Tray II, Layer D : 

Small, rudely chipped implements, arrow and spear heads, broken 

points, flakes, etc 35 

Tray III, Layer H : 

Small, rude implements of (quartzite, jasper, etc., arrow and spear 
heads, scrapers, worked flakes, lower part of polished hatchet, and 

fragment of pottery 38 

(See Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIV, p. 141 et seq.) 

Rough, chipi>ed, nnpolished stone axes or adzes, notched on both edges, many 
specimens showing that the notches were nsed by means of a withe or thong 
apparently for the attachment of a handle. They are mostly of porphyritic 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 103 

felsite (fig. 17), quartzite (fig. 18), and hard clay slate. These are found princi- 
pally ou the Atlantic seaboard from Massachusetts to Georgia, though they haA^e 




~^«i;^i.>*^ 



Fig. 17. 
RUDE NOTCHED AX. 

District of Columbj;). Quartzite. HkK natural f 




Pig. 18. 

RUDE NOTCHED AX, PORPHYRITIC FELSITE. 
U;ileisb, N. 0. 



heen found in the West. They may have been the jtrecxirsor or ancestor of the 
grooved stone axe of North America. 



104 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS OF ITSUAI. FORM. 

Scrapers. These are of various forms and material (fig. 19). (a) Disk shaped, chip- 
ped both sides and all around, (b) Long round end, the scraping edge beveled 
from one side, the lower surface being formed by a continuous fracture. This form 
is common all over the world and has continued without change from prehistoric 
into modern times, the Eskimo of to-day using similar implements inserted in 




Fig. 19. 

SCRAPERS. 
I, gray flint, Texas ; 39. hornstone, Ohui ; 40, yellow jasper, Ohio, with arrowhead stem ; 41, chalcedony, Texas, chipped round. 

wooden or ivory handles. (Mason, Aboriginal Slvin Dressing, Rep. U. S. National 
Museum, 1889, p. S.jS, PL LXXII to LXXIX.) (c) Forms peculiar to the United 
States are stemmed, notched, and shouldered, and their similarity to arrow and 
sjiear heads suggests a secondary use of broken specimens. The scraping edges 
of these, unlike class b, are chipped from both sides. Twelve specimens. 

75 




72 greenstone, Massachusetts, 
around, projecting ridges; 75, Wis 



rig. 20. 

GROOVED STONE AXES. 

uve all around; 73, greenstone, Arizona, flat back; 74, greenstone, South Ca 
'in, oblique groove; 76, greenstone, Alaska, square with flat back. 



olina, groove all 



Grooved stone axes (fig. 20) are distributed throughout the United States, and are 
not found in Europe. The groove is transverse and was for the attachment of a 
handle by a thong or withe. The material difters with the locality, but granite, 
trap, and rocks that would not flake were used. Water-worn pebbles served as 
well as quarried rock. They were chipped or pecked into shape according to 
material, and if smoothed or polished it was done by rubbing or grinding. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



105 



Grooved stone axes have been classified as follows: (1) Grooved either wholly 
or partially, some with projecting wings. (2) Flat back for insertion of tight- 
ening wedge. (3) Donble bitted. (4) Hematite from valleys of Mississippi 
River and its tributaries. (5) Actinolite from 
the Pueblos of the Southwest. (6) Winged 
and horned, from the West Indies and Central 
America. (7) Longitudinal flutings on the bit. 
Eighteen specimens. 

Eight specimens of grooved stone axes from Central 
and South America and West Indies. There is 
a certain resemblance between the grooved axes 
of these counti-ies and those of the United 
States, while they bear no resemblance to Euro- 
pean implements. They are chipped or pecked 
into shape and then ground or polished as in 
the United States. The grooves are dilTerent, 
forming wings or horns, while the edge is prac- 
tically the same. 

Mauls. Large quartzite pebbles bearing a groove 
for attachment of handle by means of a withe 
(fig. 21). These were used in the mines and 
(juarries to break open the rock. They are 
principally from Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains. 

■Ldzes. These are, apparently, only a variation in form and use from the grooved 
ax and polished stone hatchet and gouge. They are rare. Their distribution 




Fig. 21. 

GROOVED MAUL OF GKANITK. 

Colorado. Weight, U pounds. 




Fig. 22. 
CHISELS, OODUES, AND ADZES. 

63, chiael. diorite, Ohio; 64,chi3el, lydite, New York , 65, chisel, basalt, Unalaska ; 66, gouge, hornstone. New York ; 67, gouge, Penn- 
ylvania . 68, gouge, greenstone, Massachusetts , 69, adz, hornstone, Briti.sh Columbia ; "0, adz, greenstone, Oregon ; "1, adz, serpen, 
me, Norlnwest Coast. 



Ill the United Statfs seems to be limited to the northeast Atlantic and northwest 
Pacific coast (fig, 22, (i'J-71). 



106 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Gouges. These are similar to the grooved axes and polished stone hatchets in mate- 
rial, mode of mannfacture, and in every way except form. They were probably 
handled and used in the same manner. Those of the southern coast and the 
West Indies are of shell. They are more plentiful in the Atlantic States, and 
are perhaps confined to that area (fig. 22, 66-68). 
Chisels. These, as will be apparent from examination of the figures, are but varia- 
tions of the polished stone'hatchet. Indeed, if the hatchet without a handle be 
taken in the hand and used in connection with the mallet, no reason is seen why, 
except in size, it and the chisel may not have served the same puriiose. They 
are brought to a smaller or narrower edge than was the hatchet. The sides, 
whether round or square, are nearer parallel, while the head is not pointed but 
is large enough to receive a blow from the mallet. Nos. 63 (diorite from Ohio) 
and 64 (lydite from New York) are typical chisels from the interior eastern 
States, while 64 (of basalt and of a peculiar shape) is marked in the cllection as 
an " ice chisel,"' from Unalaska Island. 

Bunts. An arbitrary name given to this object, 
having no relation to any supposed use. 
They resemlile somewhat the chipped and 
unpolished stone hatchet. They are of white 
chert of Missouri and Illinois, but are peculiar 
in that they are flat on one side, showing 
the fracture from the nucleus unwrought, all 
chipping being on the opposite side, after the 
manner of scr:ipers. 
Caches. Chipped implements of leaf-shaped and 
other forms have been found en cache in 
various parts of the United States. Most of 
them are leaf-shaped in form, though some 
areoval and others round. Many are of flint, 
quite thin, and finely finished; others of 
quartzite, are largjr and naturally ruder. 
Some of chalcedony have been wrought into 
spearheads with stem and barb. They are 
larger than usual and evidently completed 
weapons. No explanation yet given will 
satisfactorily account for them in their con- 
dition. They were placed in the cache in 
different positions, but always with reg- 
ularity, oil the flat, or edge, in circles or 
parallelograms, separate or overlapping. 
The number in the caches vary from 10 to 
100 or 200, though that in Mound No. 2, 
Hopewell farm, near Chillicothe, Ohio, 
contained 7,232. (See fig. 9, Mr. Mercer's 
report. ) 
Sixty-one argillite leaf-shaped implements, part of a cache of 95 found at Marshall- 
ton, Chester County, Pa., by Mr, Edward T. Ingram, in 1890 (fig. 23). The 
cache is sought to l)e reproduced and the implements shown as in the original 
deposit. The top layer was disturbed by the plow. 
A cache of leaf-shaped quartzite implements from the bank of the River Wautauga, 
Carter County, northwest Tennessee. It consists of 18 pieces, 7^ to 9 inches in 
length, 3 to 'Hi in width, and five-eighths to seven-eighths in thickness. They 
were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side and arranged in a cir- 
cle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The 
hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard 
yellow clay. Nothing Avas found associated with them, although there was an 
aboriginal cemetery in the neighborhood. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 




ARGILLITE LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT. 
Cache in Cheater County, Pa. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



107 




A cache of chalcedouic spearheads from the valley of the Little Missouri, Pike 
County, southwest Arkansas. The excavation in which they were buried was 
in yellow clay at 2 or 3 feet deep. They were laid side by side with edges 
overlapping. They varied iu size from 5^ to 9 inches in length, 2^ to 3^ in width, 
and one-half to five-eighths in thickness. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 

Chipped flint disks. These are peculiar to the 
Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumber- 
land River valleys. Their use is unknown. 
They are of coarse, black flint, made from 55 

nodules, are always chipped, never pol- 

ished, and the edges sometimes show signs /'-ti^ ' 

of wear (fig. 24). They have usually been Jp ^ff , 

found cached in mounds and other pre- M , 

historic works. These implements have "^ -"^^ 

been found in Ohio in caches contain- 
ing 8,000 specimens, in Illmois of 5,000, 
3,500, down to 50. ^^ ' 

Prehistoric quarries and workshops at Flint |Cv^'^% ^^ Sffi^i^f^*- 

Ridge, in Licking County, Ohio, near the i^®=^^ •i'^^^^^^I^^V ''(^ 
eastern boundary, equidistant from the ^f^'^J"^ \^V* '^>if' 

towns of Newark and Zanesville. Flint \ ___ ^^"^ ^H#v 

Ridii'eisastratum of flint.continuous with ^^^^ ^ v^ ^-^^ 

the ferruffinous limestone of southeastern ^^^^< k irf',^l'ili^^'*^ -A- 

o ^^~> I in iKiTT'^ 2 

Ohio, lyiuff on the Putnam Hill sandstone 

• Via- ''4 

of the Ohio survey. The stratum of flint "'"' " 

is from 4 to 8 feet in thickness and from 4 chipped flint disk. 

to 10 feet beneath the surface. It is about ^""^^ '" ^'■"' '^°""'^' "'■ 

8 miles east and west and 2 miles north and 

south. It is irregular in shape, having been much eroded by small streams. The 

prehistoric quarries were made by sinking shafts through the surface clay and 

then working out the flint by means of fire and water. The pieces were broken 

ui) and carried to the workshops in the immediate neighborhood and there worked 

into utensils and implements, making or leaving the debris of material both of 

which are here'shown : 

Hammers * 8 

Material 4 

Large chipped implements (rude) 14 

Small chipped implements (rude) 40 

Leaf shaped implements (thin) 16 

Perforators, scrapers, arrowheads, etc 37 

Cores 16 

Flakes 41 

176 

Prays, containing flint chips, implements, arrowheads, etc., showing the distribution 
of material in the workshops. 

30me localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier material, 
while others had a profusion of small and fine chips, flakes, and d(5bris. The latter 
were mostly on the high bluffs overlooking the valleys below, and from which 
position one could see far over the adjoining country. On these points the flints, 
chips, flakes, etc., were in such profusion as to prevent the grass forming a sod. 
I chose one of these spots and dug it out 10 by 12 inches square, 14 inches deep 
to the bottom of all flint debris and then washed out the earth. The flints 
were 7 inches deep and the earth 7 inches — half and half. The specimens from 
this hole are shown in the two trays iu the case. They are as follows: 



108 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Complete and perfect arrowheads 51 

Leaf-shaped : 

Perfect 9 

Imperfect 16 

25 

Cores: Finely wrought 15 

Rnde Inmps of flint 34 

Debris : 

Hard-burnt clay, small 2 

Pebbles, not flint, small 13 

Bits of wood, small 5 

Chips and spawls, flint 3, 149 j 

3,169 I 

Total contents of hole 3, 294 

Hammer stones are smooth, flat, or oval pebbles, nodules or rude pieces of broken 
stone, usually of the material nearest at hand, used as hammers or pounding 
stones for striking flakes, chips, etc., from a core or nucleus, or for pounding or 
pecking (attrition), by means of which stone implements are made into the 
desired shape (fig. 25). They are usually taken loosely in the hand and, if a 
rude piece, bj' turning so as to present a new surface for each blow, the corners 
are gradually worn off, and the hammer becomes round; if a smooth pebble, the. 
edges become roughened. Specimens which have served as hammers show a 
small cup marking or dejiression on one or both sides, which have been thought 
to be for reception of niumb and finger. Their distribution is general throughout . 
all prehistoric kges and countries. 




82 




Fig. 25. 
HAMMER AND PITTED STONES. 

80 to 82, ^3 bize. 80, quartzite, New York ; 81, quartzite, Pennsylvani 




82, flint, Flint Kidge, Ohio. 



Pitted stones are mostly flat or oval pebbles, the larger proportion of which in the 
eastern United States are of quartzite (fig. 25). They are similar in size and 
appearance to some hammer stones. They receive their name from a Avorked 
depressionor cup-marking in the center of one or both sides, which have been 
thought by some persons to be (1) for holding Avith thumb and finger for use as 
a hammer ; (2) made by hammering on another stone as a i>uuch ; (3) by cracking 
nuts. They are probably related to cup stones proper, and like them their use 
not satisfactorily determined. 

Cup stones. Stones large and small are found marked by a depression, smooth or 
rough, varying in diameter from 1 inch to 4 or 5, and in depth from a slight 
hollow to a hemisphere (fig. 26). Small pebbles may have but one such depres- 
sion or one on each side, when they are called pitted stones, but larger pebbles, 
even bowlders of many tons, or solid rock, as in the Carpathian and Himalaya 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



109 



mountains, have hundreds of these markings, when they are called ''cup stones." 
The National Mus'enm has one from Wheeling, W. Va., with fifty-three cup mark- 
ino-s thereon. Their distrihution is general throughout the prehistoric world 
and their use or purpose has never been satisfactorily determined. 




Fig. 26. 
CUP STONES, 
andstone, Pennsylvania; 160.1. sandstone, Kentucky. 



CLASSIFICATION OK ARROW AND SPEARHEADS. 

The primary divisions of ai-row and spearheads or knives are as follows: 
I. Leaf shaped, classes A, B, C. 
II. Triangular. 

III. Stemmed, classes A, B, C. 

IV. Peculiar forms, classes A, B, C, D, E, F, G. 

I. Leaf shaped. This division includes elliptical, oval, oblong, and lanceolate 
forms bearing any relation to the shajie of a leaf, and without stem, shoulder, 
or barb. 



110 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Class A is pointed at hotli ends. They are widest from oue-tbird to one-fourth 
the distance from the base. Eleven siiecimens. 

Class B is more oval, more or less pointed, with concave, straij^ht, or convex base. 
Five specimens. 

Class C is long, narrow, with parallel edges, concave, straight, or convex bases, 
and belongs principally to the Pacific Coast. Five siiecimens. 

II. Triangular. This division includes all specimens which, according Ko geo- 
metric nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle, whether the bases or edges 
be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems and, couseqitently, 
without shoulders, although in some specimens the extreme concavity of the 
base produces barbs. Eleven specimens. 




A B 

Leaf Shaped 




Triangular. 





A 
Stemmed 






C D 

Peculiar Forms 

Fig. 27. 

FORMS OF ARROW AND SPEARHEADS. 



III. Stemmed. This division includes all varieties of stems, whether straight, 
pointed, or expanding, round or flat, whether the bases or edges are convex, 
straight, or concave. 

Class A is lozenge shaped, stemmed, but not shouldered nor l>arbed. Eight 

specimens. 
Class B is stemmed and shouldered, biit not barbed. Sixteen specimens. 
Class C is stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. Nine specimens. 

IV. Peculiar forms. This division includes all forms not belonging to the three 
others, and provides for those having 2)eculiarities, or which are restricted in 
number or locality. 

Class A, beveled edges. Seven sijecimens. 
Class B, serrated edges. Six specimens. 
Class C, bifurcated stems. Seven specimens. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Ill 



Class D, long barbs, square at euds, peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia, 

United States. Six specimens. 
Class E, triangular in section, peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama. 

Eight specimens. 
Class F, broadest at cutting ends — tranchant transversal — peculiar to Western 

Europe. Nine specimens. 
Class G, slate and polished, peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country, 

and to New England and New York. Ten specimens. 




Fig. 28. 

CEREMONIAL OBJECTS? OE "BANNER STONES." 
3, Serpentine, VTrginia; 8i, serpentine, Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; 86, striped slate, Indiana; 87, striped shite, 
^nsylvania ; S8, brown jasper, Louisiana; 90, etriped slate, Indiana; 91, ferruginous quartz, Indiana; 92, striped slate. Indiana. 

Sl'PPOSED CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 



anuer stones, drilled tablets, boat-shaped and bird-shaped objects, etc. The names 
given to these objects are no indication of tlieir use, wliich is only conjectural. 
They are all American, and are found in mounds and aboriginal graves, some of 
them so associated witb huniiin skeletons as to indicate their use as jiersoual 
ornaments. They may have served as charms, amulets, or, as the general name 
above suggests, foi occasions of ceremony. Some have been drilled for suspen- 



112 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



sion, the holes showing signs of wear, others apparently for a handle, although 
it would be too small for service as a weapon. Some are soft and fragile, while 
others are extremely hard. The edges show no signs of use. No early Indian 
traveler or historian mentioned them, and they had apparently fallen into disuse 
hefore the advent of the white man. 
Banner stones (fig. 28) present a great variety of forms and an equal uncertainty 
of use. They are supposed to have been for ceremony or ornaments, or, with long 
handles, to have served as badges or insignia of rank (baton de commandement). 
They were not weapons, since most of them are of soft material, usually of slate, 
are fragile and would break under even a slight blow; have no cutting e ge, 
while the hole is too small for a serviceable handle. A few are of hard material 



134 




135 




Fig. 29. 

BOAT-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS. 
134. slriped slate, Ohio; 136, greenetoue, Kentucky. 

like quartz, jasper, etc., nevertheless they are impracticable alike for battle axes 
or casse tetes. The specimens show the process of manufacture. They were 
hammered or pecked into form, and then polished before being drilled. The 
drilling is excellent. The broken specimens show a secondary use, having been 
drilled and used since the fracture. Thev belong principally to the interior, 
though they have been found on the Atlantic coast line. 




Fig. 30. 

BIRD-SHAPED ( ?) OBJECTS. 
210, striped slate, Pennsylvania, 211, striped slate, Ohio mound. 



Boat-shaped objects (fig. 29). The title indicates our want of knowledge concerning 
their ourpose. Different uses have been assumed for them, such as twine-twisters, 
handles for carrying parcels, or for tightening cords, but all without evidence. 
Some of the objects are solid, others are hollowed out like a boat, and are finely 
finished. Most of them have two perforations equidistant from the center. The 
material is syenite, chlorite, slate, and galena. They are found principally in 
the valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Six specimens. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION" AT MADRID. 



113 



Bird-shaped objects (fig. 30). A class of objects, bird-like iu form, but passing grad- 
ually into other conventionalized forms. They generally stand <m flat bases and 
are pierced witli a diagonal hole at either end. In some cases the eyes are not rep- 
resented: in others they are marked by bead-like protuberances expanding into 
disks. Some specimens were not intended to represent either birds or animals, 
but are in the form of a bar with both ends alike. Various theories of their use 
have been advanced as knife handles, corn buskers, etc., but none are satisfac- 
tory. They may have served for gaming. The material is usually banded or 
striped slate, though hard stones were employed. Five specimens. 



«27//, 




127, slatp. New York , 128, slate, Pennsyb 
alate, Ti 



Fig. 31. 
PIERCED OR DRILLED TABLETS. 
ania ; 12». slate, Louisiana ; 130, slate, Tenn 



131, slate. Te 



Drilled tablets (fig. 31) are tlat, thin pieces made of striped, or banded slate, or chlo- 
rite. They have one or two holes drilled, some from both sides others from only 
one. The edges of the holes are manj^ times worn by cord or sinew but are fre- 
quently sharp and without signs of wear. They are found in mounds or graves 
on the breasts and arms of skeletons. They may have served as badges, orna- 
ments, or charms. Ten specimens. 

Discoidal stones (fig. 32) are always round in outline ; the sides may be convex, Hat, or 
concave. In some specimens the concavity has been deepened until the cup became 

H. Ex. 100 8 



114 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



a hole aud tlie implement a ring. They vary in diameter from 2 to 6 inches, and 
are usually of hard stone, worked by pecking or grinding, or both, but with such 
perfection as to excite admiration. The larger ones were used by the Indians in 
a game called ''Chungkee," described by early writers. Thirteen specimens. 
Sinkers, pendauts, or charms (fig. 33). These names indicate the supposed use of 
these objects. They are usually pear shaped, are of hematite or some hard stone, 
well wrought and finely polished. Many have a slight groove near the smaller 
end, while more have no groove. They are in greater abundance in the interior 
than on the borders of lakes or oceans. Others having greater appearance of 
sinkers are pebbles, round or oval, with a well-defined, ground or polished groove 




U6, ferruginous qiuirtz. ye 



Fig. 32. 

DISCOmAL OR CHUNCiKEE STONKS. 
Tennessee; UT. ferruginous quartz, brown, Ten 



; 118. greenstone, lllinoii 



119, Ohio; 120. 



lite. l)h:n, 121, quiirtzose, Georgi.i; 122, argilh) 



123, ferrugi 



in the center, evidently for the use of a cord or thong. Still others, and more 
numerous, found in large numbers on the banks of rivers aud lakes in the eastern 
United States, are naught but a flat pebble with rude notches on each edge or 
occasionally with a hole drilled in the center. 
Perforators (fig. 34). These are peculiar to the United States. They are always of 
hard stone, usually flint, the point or borer is sharp, the shaft is chipped nearly 
round, is never polished, frequently 3 and even 4 inches long, and with slight 
taper. The top or handle is chijiped broad and thin and fits easily in the 
thumb and finger, as if for use as a gimlet. Its form is such that it might have 
been used as arrow or spear head. The point is frequently rounded ofl' and worn 
smooth, as though from use. They may have been used as an awl to bore hides 
or skins, as a gimlet to bore holes in wood, or attached to a shaft for drilling 
stone. These suggested uses have not all been accepted wi;<h unanimity. If 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 115 




J# 3 



il2. 



lOH 




113 



i|' 'till,,, 



114 



^^fPIPfft, 




m 



■^lEiiaiiiiEP^ 



Fig. 33. 

PLUMMETS, SINKEKS, OK CHARMS. 

100, hornblende, Ohio; 101, red hematite, Tennessee; 102. nniygdaloid, Arisuns.-is; 103, greenslinie, Ohio; 10+. green.stone, Calilornia; 

10.'), quartzite, Ma.ssaehnsctts; lOG, greenstone, Massachusetts; 107. uninile, Khode Island; lOS, steatite, Onorgia; 109. taU-ose slate, 

Khiide Island; 110. s:indstoue, Oregon; 111, qnartzite, Pennsylvania; 112, graywacke. New York; 113, qnartzite, Pennsylvania; ili, 

mjcaceous slate, CaJjODrnia; 11.^, sandstone, Ohio. 



116 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



used as perforators of hide or wood, why not employ a pointed bone ; if for drill- 
ing a stone, why are they not found in Europe, where so much drilling was done? 
Their possible use as blunt arrows has been suggested and some claim them as 
charms, also as hairpins. Twenty-two specimens. 




32, red iaaper. Ohio: 33. brown jasper, Oregon; 34. white flint, M 
opal, California; 318, gray flint, Santa Cruz, California. 



Fig. 34. 
PERB'OHATORS OR DRILLS. 

rli35, gray flint, Ohio; 36, hornstone, Tennessee; 37, gray semi- 



The aborigines of America were adepts in drilling stone. They drilled holes, large 
and small, straight and crooked, regular and irregular, parallel and conical, from 
one side or end or from both, with tools of wood and of copper, solid or hollow. 
They drilled hard stone like (juartz, jasper, etc., as effectually as soft stone. 
Specimens of drilling are shown in pijjes, and in the supposed ceremonial objects, 
but not in axes or hanmiers. 



na 




Fig. 35. 
STONE TUBES. 
175, steatite, Tennessee; 17U, clilonte. Tciine 



Tubes and pipes of stone, principally .serpentine and steatite (fig. 35.) They were 
drilled and the hole enlarged at one end so as to form a pipe, and were used by 
the aborigines for smoking tobacco. They have been found in ancient graves 
on the Pacific coast with the mouthpieces of cane fastened with asphaltum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



117 



Stone beads and ornaments (tig. 3B) are found in graves of Indians and are of every 
Ivind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them have been drilled 
for susiiensiou. Eleven specimens. 

The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent 
l)y modeling or sculpture living animals in clay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use 
of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies 
gave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these 
representations. Accox'dingly the pipes are of every practicable material and 
represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects. 

Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 
Santa Rosa, the Cataliua Islands, and the coast of Southern California (figs. 42 
and 43) . These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or 
weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching 
and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and 
flat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much 
worn, others unworn. Four specimens. 



201 



20 2 




STONE HEADJ 

200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; 201, 202, steatite, Penr 
:anai, New I'urk ; 206, sandstone, Rhode island ; 207, sandstor 



AND ORNAMENTS. 
.ylvania; 203, sil.nous 



I ; 208, hematite. Virgin 



iippi; 204, cHtlinite, Oriskany 



Mortars and grinding -stones (fig. 44). 'Mortars were- in common use throughout the 
United States, apparently in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of 
common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are 
sometimes dressed on the outside as well as on'the inside; at other times a rude 
round or«oval bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart 
to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The 
grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use 
uutil the-jireseut time. 

Pestles and hammers (figs. 4.5 and 46). Pestles are in great varic'::', long and short, 
rude and finished, cylindrical aud conical, decorated and pli;in. The various 
forms are well distriliuted from ocean to ocean. Those with cross handles and 
projecting ears are, .however, peculiar-to the northwest coast. 

Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite quarries, opened aud worked by the aborigines, 
have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. These quarries contain 
vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their 
manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the (quarry aud car- 



118 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



ried home to be finished. The obloug or oval form, with projecting ears for the 
handles, prevails in the Eastern United States, while the larger round and more 
perfectly finished vessels are more fi'equent on the Pacific Coast. 
Stone picks for steatite quarrying (fig. 48). Some were grooved for a handle, as the 
ax, while others were held in the hand. Both were used in mining steatite and 
in the manufacture of vessels. The material was soft and easilj^ worked, and 
the traces of the pick poin-ts are plainly to he seen on the partially completed 
The grooved picks were peculiar to the Atlantic Coast. 




Mounds in Ross County, Onio: IT", platrn 
nth man's head) ; 183, red san.lstone, i liuii 



Fig. 37. 

STONE PIPES. 

nr "monitor"; 1"8, Indian (?) head and head dri 
1 head and hndy); 184, chlorite, (wolf). (?) 



179, heaver: 182, porphyry, (l>ird 



Collection of 69 specimens from AVarreii County, Ohio, consisting of finely chipped 
sjiearheads, daggers, knives, leaf-shaped implements, perforators, etc., of flint, 
princijially from Flint Ridge; carved stone jiipes, bird and boat shaped objects, 
l>erforated tablets, sinkers, iiendants or charms of stone and hematite, small pol- 
ished hematite hatchets, and copper .spool-shaped objects. Exhibited by Mr. 
Warren K. Moorchead, of Xenia, Ohio. This collection is especially valuable, as 
it comes from one locality and represents one phase of aboriginal culture. 

Hematite objects. Hematite is the anhydrous se.squioxide of iron. It was variously 
employed by the aborigines. Thej' worked it as they did stone, and gave it a 
high polish. It served for grooved axes, polished hatchets, sinkers, pendants, 
or charms, and for muller'and paint stones. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



119 



MulkTS, paint stones, and cii])s (lig. 49). The harder hematite was made into mullers 
for grindiug paint, thongh other stone was employed. The forms -were varions, 
hut the conical prevailed. Other varieties of iron oxide, linnmite, red and hrown 
ocher, served as paint for personal decoration. It was preserved in small cups, 
usually of steatite. 





Fig. 38. 

STONE AND CLAY PH'ES. 
18B, (argilUr-eous), Pennsylvania; 187, serpentine (loon) (?), West Virginia ; 188, argillaceous (parrot). New York ; 189, argillaceous, 
Oliio ; 190, chlorite (platform) (?), Virginia; 191, serpentine, New York; 192, steatite (lizard), Pennsylvania; 193, steatite. North Caro- 
lina; 194, serpentine (4 human faces or masks), Texas; 195, limestone, Kentucky; 196, clay. Georgia; 197, serpentine (tube), California; 
198, clay (coiled snake), New York; 199, clay (raven) (?•), New York. 

Digging implemcuts (figs. 50-52). These are peculiar to the United States. They 
are of silicious material, chiefly the novaculite of Arkansas or the white flint of 
Illinois and Missouri, and are made entirely by chipping. Many are worn appar- 
ently by use, but some show a polish or luster not yet explained. They are more 
frequent in tlie Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee valleys than elsewhere. There 
are three forms of these implements : 



120 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



1. Laroe Hat objects of a regular oval ontliue, chipped to an edge all around, 

but used only on the larger end, which show a polish as though from use 
iu digging in earth or sand. Average size, from 12 to 18 inches long, 4 to 
6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (iig. 50). 

2. Smaller flat objects, triangular iu outline, shortest side slightl;^ rounded and 

chipped to an edge, occasionally showing signs of wear ; 7 to 9 inches long, 
4^ to 5 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 51). 

3. Still, smaller, flat, nearly round, in outline, sharp all around at the edge, 

truncated on the top or poll, and notched as though for lashing to a handle 
with a thong or withe, though no signs of wear appear; 5 to 7 inches long, 
4 to 6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig' 52). 




Fig. 39. 

CALUMET PIPE. 

Steatite, Kentucky. 



Stone swords were made by the aborigines of tiie United States. They were chipped 
and never polished; they diftered from the leaf-shajied implement in that they 
were longer and heavier ; they difi'ered from daggers in that they were not chipped 
so as to form a handle. Some were as long as 16 inches, and others reduced to 8. 
The handle was wrapped with skin, cloth, grass, or the like. The specimen here 
shown from the Hupa Indians, is but 5^ inches long, and the handle is wrapped 
with otter skin (fig. 53), which possibly has some ceremonial or medicine sig- 
nificance. It was collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Stone daggers (fig. 54) are different from, and not to be confounded with, the leaf- 
shaped implements, which may have had wooden handles, and have been used 
inditferently as knives or sxiearheads. The daggers resemble the same weapou 
from Scandinavia, aiul are, like them, always chipped, and rarely or never pol- 
ished. The handles have been worked out of the solid. They are rare in the 
United States. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 121 

Knives aud flakes. These are of silicified wood from California. In form they 
resemble Mousterien points. Traces of bitumen on the base show their attach- 
ment to handles, while their general form indicates their use as knives. Many 
specimens have been thus marked, and they assist in determining the useof leaf- 
sha])ed and similar blades, so common throughout prehistoric times. 




Fig. 40. 
caCdmet pipe. 

Chlorite ( owl ),Tennes8. 



Leaf-shaped blades of black flint. These are beautiful specimens of aboriginal flint 
chipping. The largest specimen here is 240 mm. long, 125 mm. wide, and 1 mm 
thick. They have been found with traces of bitumen or asphaltum for the attach- 




Fig. 41. 

CALUJIET PIPE. 

Chlonte (owl). Kentucky. 



ment of handles. They are peculiar to the Pacific coast of southern California. 
In the classification of arrow— and spear— heads, these are Class C of the leaf- 
shaped imi)lements. 

1> 



122 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Stone knives -with wooden hnndles (tig. 55). These specimens inclnde rnde flakes 
and tiuely-wrongbt blades. They are fastened with bitumen or gum, in short, 
pointed handles, evidently for use as knives. They are of great importance to 
the science of prehistoric anthropology as showing the methods of attachment 
and use of flint flakes, blades, etc., in common use in prehiatoric'times. These 
are found principally on the Pacific Coast, though some have been found in 
Mexico and in Tennessee. 



320 




Fig. 42. 

PERFOKATED STONE CLUB HEAD. 
320, greenstone, Californi.l. 



124 



126 






124. hnrnhleni 
Island, Cihfor; 



FiiT. 4;i. 
PERFORATEK STONE HIATTAS. 
Ciit;Uiiri Hliind-. CiilifcirniM: IS.'S. ereen-stone. Siuilii K.,s:, Islun.i. ('.ililn 



■i: 126, serpentine, Santa Ro 



Slate knives arc flat, thin with a semilunar edge and with a straight back made 
thicker and heavier, to be grasped in the hand (fig. 56). They chieflj' occur- 
along the coast and in the Northeastern States. Similar implements, likewise 
made of slate with a curved edge and a lateral tang, have been found in Penn- 
sylvania and in Indiana. Varieties of these implements have been used in his- 
toric times bvthe Indians of the northwest coast as fish knives. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



123 



Spade-like implements of compact green stone, with long, heavy, round handles, 
have been found in the southern part of the United States (tig. 57). The one 
here shown was found in a Tennessee grave mound and belongs to Dr. Joseph 
Jones, of New Orleans. The handle at the largest part is about 14 inches in 



153 




155 




156 





IM, 15 ami 15ft, !.:illdstcine Ij 
California; 158, metiite saiulsto 



Fig. 44. 
STONE MORTAES AND MKTATES. 
■Itler, hollowed, St. NiiMiolas Island, California; 156, Kos Pueblos, Californi: 
, Utah {fiBs, +5 and 46 1 ; 159, metate, granite, .^iindalone rubher, Navajo. Ar 



; 1.')", Santa Cruz Inland, 



diameter, nearly or quite round, but flattened at the broadeueil end. It is 17+ 
inches long. The edge is rounded off and shows no signs of wear. Its puritose 
is unkuown. Similar iuii)lements have been found by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in 
Florida and southern Georgia and bv Dr. Steiuer in northern Georgia. 



124 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



There is a class of well-liuished aud finely polished iniplemeuts of which compact 
greenstone and chlorite and calcite were favorite materials, the use of which is 
unknown (fig. 58). They were broad, thin, and most of them flat. They were 5 
or 6 inches wide, from 8 to 10 inches long, and rarely more than one-half an inch 
thick. The edge was rounded oft' so as to render cutting impracticable. They 
were provided with an indefinite handle, and many have a hole drilled at the 
commencement of the handle. They may have served for scraping or polishing, 
but no traces of use have been found which would indicate their purpose othei* 
than as mentioned. While these objects are rare in the United States most of 
them have been found in the South. 




IG3 




163, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California 
loun.l; 166, sandstone, Rlu.de Island ; 167 



ndstone, 1 
ne, Alaska 



Fig-. 45. 

PESTLES. 

Dos Pueblos, Calif..rnial; 
; 1"2, greenstone, Alaska. 



165, amygdaloid, Cn 



nt City, C.ilifornia, 



Shell, horn, and bone served the prehistoric man like stone and copper as material 
for implements and ornaments (figs. 59, 60). They were made into axes, hatchets, 
swords, daggers, poignards, wedges, points, peribrators, harpoons, fishhooks, 
beads, tubes, masks, and engraved gorgets. Many were of pearl-like whiteness 
and served as ornaments. Thirty-nine specimens of shell ; thirty-one specimens 
of bone and horn. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



125 



Copper iniplemeuts (tig. 61). The North American Indians, at the time of the discov- 
ery of the continent, were in the Neolithic period of civilization, and their stone 
imjilements were, for the most part, jiolished. It is commonly believed that they 
had no knowledge of bronze. Virgin copper was found in divers portions of 
the LTnited States, chiefly in Lake Superior. The Indians treated it as a malle- 
able stone and hammered it into implements and ornaments. The consensus of 
opinion is that the Indians could not, at the time of the discovery, smelt or cast 
• metal, though this lias been doubted. The Conquistadores saw ornaments and 
objects of copper in the hands of tlie natives, and had great disappointment 
that it was not gold. Mr. Frederick S. Perkins, of Wisconsin, sent to the 
Exposition at Madrid a collection of prehistoric copper implements and objects, 
collected principally within the State of Wisconsin. Some Avere found in mounds 
or burial places, but others were turned up by the plow. The distribution of 
copper objects is general throughout the valleys of the Mississippi River and its 
tributaries, with extensions toward the Atlantic Coast. The common objects 
are axes, hatchets, hannners, knives, drills, gravers, spear and arrow heads, brace- 
lets, disks, gorgets, tubes, beads, plates. Some have been perforated and others 
elaborately ornamented with figures made, sometimes by puncture, other times 
repousse. 




Fig. 40. 

PESTLES AND HAMMERS. 
161, syenite. Santa Cruz Islaml. California; lfi2, sandstone, Dos Puehlos, Calilornia ; ItiS, greenstone. Pennsylvania: 1«1, syenite 
Ohio ; iro. greenstone, British Columbia ; 171, greenstone, Washington State. 

North American sculptures (fig. 62). The aborigines of the United States were appar- 
ently possessed of a great penchant to represent the human face or form in stone. 
They were made both in hard and in soft rock. The implement which probably 
did the most service was the hammer, and the operation performed by attrition 
or pecking. The sculpture was in some specimens afterwards smoothed and 
polished. Whether these sculptures were used as idols, for decoration or orna- 
ment, or as totems, has never been satisfactorily determined. They are distributed 
throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 

The stone collars of Porto Rico are puzzles to the archaH)logist. No suggestion as 
to their use has proved acceptable. They are thus named because of their resem- 
blance to the modern. object of horse furniture. Some are in a rude state, indi- 
cating a rude stage of manufacture. The finished .specimens are "right and left 
shouldered." as though to be used in pairs. Nearly all are decorated. The National 
Museum posses.ses the largest and finest collection known. Five specimens. 



126 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Z^mi-s. Stoue objects peculiar to Porto Rico aud possibly .San Domiugo. FouuU in 
ancient caves, graves, aud iu liumau habitations. They are entirely prehistoric, 
having been iu possession of the natives at the advent of the white man. Their 
use is unknown, and though various uses have been suggested, noue are more 
satisfactory than that of fetich or spirit. They are of hard, usually volcanic 
rock, pecked and smoothed in a conical or manuniform shape, with a rejiresenta- 
tion, on one or both ends, of a human or other animal. Eleven specimens. 

« 

WKST INDIES. 

Stone masks, clul)S, hatchets. These are generally from the same localities as the 
stone collars and the zcmcs, and are believed to have the same antiquity. 
The hatchets are casts. One is from Tennessee, displayed here for comparison. 
Twelve specimens. 



144 



K3 







I^S 





U3, steatite, Massachusett: 




Fig. -17. 
STEATITE VKSSELS. 
■iiiiie; 145, steatite, Dds I' 



146. Dns Puebliis. Califor 



AL.\SKA, MEXICO, AND CEXTltAL AND SOUTH AMEHICA. 

Jade, tnr<iuoise, rock crystal. Jade was a favorite material with prehistoric man, 
and in some one of the following varieties was made iuto implements, utensils, 
or ornaments iu nearly every part of the inhabited world. Jadeite was plentiful 
in Mexico and Central America, while nephrite is indigenous in Alaska. Jade 
is a generic term including Jadeite (silica, alumina, soda), specihc gravity 3.3; 
nephrite (silica, magnesia, lime, and iron oxide), specific gravity 2.9 to 3.1; 
fibrolite (alumina, silica), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; saussurite (silica, alumina, 
lime), specific gravity 3.2 to 3.3; actinolite (silica, magnesia, lime, protoxide of 
iron), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; pectolite (silica, lime, soda, and water), spe- 
cific gravity 2.7 to 2.9. Fifty-six specimens. 

Obsidian is volcanic glass. Its source of supply was in the Rocky Mountains, where 
it was in profusion. It was easily worked, took a keen edge, and was much 
employed by the aborigines. It was worked principally l>y chipping, though it 
could be ground and polished. It served for ornaments as well as implements. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



127 



Its chief employ was iu Mexico and Central America, where have becu fouud 
many wonderful specimens of sculpture, cores, flakes, and leaf-shaped blades, 
the latter thin, sharp, and beautifully chipped. An extensive aboriginal com- 
merce was carried on in obsidian. A thousand specimens have lately bei'u 
exhumed from the Hopewell Mound, Ohio, a thousand miles distant from the 
nearest known locality where obsidian had its origin. 




Fig. 48. 

STONE PICK FOR STEATITE QUARKYIXG. 

Graywhatke. Pennsylvania. 

Chiri([ui gold ornaments from Panama. The Chiriqui tribe of aborigines occupied a 
portion of the Isthmus of Panama between Costa Rica and Veragua. Gold orna- 
ments were discovered in 1859 iu prehistoric graves. Gold, silver (in alloy), 
copper, and possibly tin are represented. Gold-silver alloy is pro'bablv a 
natural compound. Gold-copper alloys appear to range between iinrity in either 
metal. Most of the gold objects were made by casting in molds rather than by 
hammering. Gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. Gold was used for 
ornaments and not for implements or utensils. Ten specimens from Chiriijui ; 6 
specimens from Central America; 1 specimen from Mexico. 




Fig. 49. 

MULLEBS FOR GRINDIXd fiRAI.V AND I'AINT. 

in, greenstone, Georgia ; 1/i. hematite, Ohio. 

Quimbaya gold ornaments from Antiocjuia, South America. The Quimbaya tribe of 
aborigines was found by the Cou([uistadores occupying territory 10 or I'y leagues 
sciuare west of the Cordilleras and east of the river Cauca, with the rivers 
Tacurmbi on the north and Zegues on the south. This country was called " El 
Dorado." The natives were.adepts in working metals. The gold was alloyed 
with copper from 10 up to 50 per cent, aud perhaps more. It was wrought l)y 
hammering, casting, and possibly by soldering. The gold ornjuuents are of every 



128 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



size, from 1,710 grams dowu to a siuglw gram, aud of gold vases 13^ inches high 
and 9A wide down to the smallest. The gold objects buried with the Cacique 
Yamba weighed 30 kilos. Four hundred and iifty-two gold objects from Colom- 
bia were displayed by that Government at the Madrid Exposition; 41 specimens 
from Colombia; aud 1 from Peru, exhibited by the U. S. National Museum. 




Fig. 50. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 

Qiiartzite, Tenn 



Black argillitic stones similar to that shown, covered with representations in bas- 
relief of human, animal, and other subjects, are found in that country and have 
been claimed as amulets and as calendars of the ancient time system. (Century 
Magazine, October, 1891, pp. 885-889.) They were sometimes certainly, and 
probably always, used for hammering the gold in repouss^ to represent the 
desired object. One specimen. 




Fig. 51. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 

Quartzite, Illinois. 



MODELS OF PREHISTOKiC KUINS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Great Etowah Mound, Georgia. This mound stands upon the north bank of Etowah 
Creek, near Cartersville. Its base covers a space of about 3 acres, and stands 
at a level of 23 feet above low water in the river. The body of the mount? 
has an irregular form and is longest on the meridian, its diameter in that 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



129 



direction being about 270 feet. On tbc top is a nearly level area of about an 
acre, the average height of which is about 50 feet above the base. A broad ramp 
or graded way winds upward from the plain, around the south face of the 
mound, somewhat more than halfway to the top. There are two smaller 
mounds close by — one on the south, another on the southeast — each about 100 
I'eet distant, their bases nearly square, and of nearly equal dimensions. Both 
are truncated. Most of the material of these mounds is the rich mold of the 
bottom lands, with occasional lumps of red clay. Prior to the clearing of the 
land, large trees flotinshed on the top and on the slopes. Scale: 1 inch to 10 
feet, 1 :120. Area represented, about 3 acres. 

Ancient earthworks, Illinois. This model represents one of the most extensive 
works of the Mound Builders in this country. It is situated in the Mississippi 
bottom, 15 miles from Anna, in Union County, 111. The inclosing wall is rudely 
square in outline and its length exceeds 3,200 feet. It incloses au area of about 
28 acres and is from 2 to 4 feet high, with a width of from 20 to 25 feet. The 
northeast ([uarter of the inclosure is bounded by the creek and has no inclosing 
wall. Within the inclosure are found four 
mounds and a great number of circular 
depressions, or "hut rings." The largest 
mound is about 12 feet high, the smaller ones 
about 100 feet in diameter and 5 to 9 I'eet 
high. The circular excavations are nearest 
the creek, and number over 100. They vary 
in diameter from 20 to 50 feet, and in depth 
from 1 to 3 feet. Outside of the bounding 
wall, on the southwest coruer, occurs a large 
mound, 150 feet iu diameter and over 4 feet 
high. Near i t are three large circular depres- 
sions 120 to 150 feet in diameter and from 5 
to 7 feet deep. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch to 
30 feet, 1 : 30 ; vertical, 1 inch to 6 feet, 1 :72. 
Area represented, about 57 acres. 

Section of Little Etowah Mound, Georgiii. This 
is one of the snuiller mounds of the Etowah 
group, in Bartow County, Ga. It represents 
a section of a mound, showing the interior 

construction— the different layers of earth which compose it, the position of the 
stone burial cists which were found iu it, the position of bones, etc. (See 
Great Etowah Mound.) Scale: 4 inches to 5 feet, 1:15. Area represented, 
about 1.10 acre. 

Burial pit under a mound in Caldwell County, N. C. The excavation made revealed 
the fiict that the builders of the mound had first dug a circular pit, with perpen- 
dicular margin, to the depth of 3 feet, and 38 feet in diameter, then deposited 
their dead in vaults or graves built of water- worn bowlders and clay merely 
sufficient to hold them in place. Each one of these contained a human skele- 
ton. There were five skeletons iu the pit which were uninclosed. 

Pueblos of the United States. The Pueblo country, so called, in the United States 
of North America, lies in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. It occupies 
the territory of and between the head waters of the Rio Grande on the east, of 
the San Juan and its tributaries on the north, the Colorado on the west, and the 
Gila on the south. This territory is desert in large acres. The pueblos depend 
for theirwater on springs as well as on streams. The models of the pueblos of 
Zuui, Taos, and Wolpi have been chosen as examples, the former from the river 

• plain, the latter from the mesa, or high table-land. Zuui is on the Zuui River, a 
tributary of the Little Colorado, iu the western part of New Mexico, about 40 
H. Ex. 100 9 




Fig. 52. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 

Gray flint, Illinois. 



130 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION .AT MADRID. 



V'*lr,I 






miles southwest of Fort Wingate, aud belongs to the Indians of that name. Taos 
is situated on the Taos River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico, 
northward about 200 miles from Santa Fe. It was occupied by Spaniards in the 
time of the Conquerer and was the scene of a sanguinary contest in the great 
rebellion of 1690. Wolpi (spelled also Hualpe) lies at the extreme west of the 
Pueblo country and belongs to the Tusayan Indians called Moijuis, a name they 
do not accept, preferring that of Hopi. Some of the trans- 
parent photographs in the windows show views of pueblos 
and pueblo life. 
The first knowledge had by the Europeans of New Mexico and 
Arizona was about the year 1530, when it was vaguely called 
the country of the "Seven Cities." In 1540 Vasquez Corouado, 
governor of New Galicia, organized an army of 300 Spaniards 
aud 800 Indians, and set out for the north to conquer the 
•■'Seven Cities of Cibola." It is highly probable that these 
"Seven Cities" were located in the valley in which Zuni is 
now found. At anj- rate all that country was subjugated and 
an expedition was sent out to the northw-est to conquer other 
rumored "cities" in that direction. Supposed traces of this 
expedition in the shape of Spanish mail armor, Spanish 

bridles, l)its, etc., have been 
found far north, in Kansas, 
and even in Minnesota. In 
the course of this expedition 
seven villages were subju- 
gated, and iiriests were left 
with them to inculcate the 
religion of the conquerors. 
This region was called 
Tusayan. 
At a general insurrection of the 
natives, which took place 
in 1680, the Spaniards were 
expelled from Tusayan as 
from the other pueblos, but 
while all the others were 
reconquered within a few 
years and rechristianized, 
the power of the Spaniards 
never was reestablished as 
far west as Tusayan, aud 
since 1680 there has not been 
a priest stationed among 
them. They practice to-day 
essentially the same rites 
and ceremonies as their 
forefathers before the dis- 
covery by Columbus, and 
are therefore of peculiar in- 
terest in prehistoric science. 
Zuni is the largest and most populous of the existing pueblos, and is supposed to 
have contained a population of nearly 5,000. There are, in 1880, but 1,602. The 
houses are built of small stone laid up as a wall with little mud mortar, the 
interstices chinked and the wall plastered, still with mud mortar. The Spans' 
iards during their 150 vears' occupation taught them the art of building with 
adobe or sun-dried bricks, of which material the old church in Zuni is constructed 



I 






(30190) 




OBSIDIAX DAGGERS. 

Hoopa Valley, Califc>r.iia. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT ^ADRID. 



131 



aucl is still standing, but the iuiprovemeut was not adopted. The houses are 
usually well finislied inside, are, neatly washed with white clay, and are com- 
fortable habitations. The floors are occasionally made of flagging, but are 




Fig. 54. 

CHIPPED STONE DAGGBE WITH HANDLE. 

flray flint .Mounil, Al.ibiima. 



usually plastered witli clay adobe. It is smooth and readily kept clean. The 
roofs are constructed of cross rafters, filled in with willow brush. Light is 
admitted through windows formerly made of plates of mica, for which glass, 
when obtainable, is now substitiited. The houses on the ground are usually 




7-j: 





^T 



rig. 5.5. 

STONE KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES. 

Hoopa Valley, Ciliiornia. 



« closed, the entrance being through the upper stories, which are reached only by 
means of ladders, as shown in the model. The terraces are favorite lounging 
places for the inhabitants. The oval, dome-shaped structures close to the houses 



132 



COLUMBIAN HISTOEICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



are adobe ovens, used for baking the sacred or feast bread. In wicker bird- 
coops are kept eagles, hawks, and turkeys, which are regarded as sacred birds, 
and from which are plucked the feathers used in the dance and ceremonials. 
Covered ways permit access to several parts of the town. The streets are not 
broad enough to permit the passage of wagons, and the transportation is by 
horses and donkeys. 
Wolpi is one of seven contiguous Tusayan villages. These villages are located on 
the flat tops of tongues or points of the mesas projecting into and overlooking 




Fig. 56. 

SLATE KNIVES. 
93, black slate, I'ennsyWanm ; 94. red shale, Pennsylvai 



i; 9b, red shale, Indiat 



the valley 400 or 600 feet below. The liouses are built in long rows, several 
stories in height, each story usually set back so as to form a terrace. Their 
gardens are on the hillside or in the valley below. There is no running stream 
within 40 miles, and they depend for their scant supply of water on the springs 




Fig. 57. 

SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENT. 

South Carolina. 



and wells far down the hills or in the valley. The Tusayans of these pueblos 
number about 2,000. They are sedentary and peaceful, and live much as do the 
Zufiis. They may not all have the same origin, for one of the pueblos, Tewa, 
speaks a different language from the others. 
Cliff ruin, "Casa Blanca." This prehistoric ruin, situated in Canyon de Chelly, 
Arizona, is a combination of village and cliff dwelling; whether originally so ib 
unknown. The lower part contains a large circular chamber 16 feet in diameter, 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



133 



with about 22 well-defined rooms, nnd traces of others. Some of the walls are 
adobe and are very thin. The npper portion of the cliff is situated in a natural 
cavity in the rock, measuring about 94 feet in length and 40 feet in depth. It 
consists of 13 rooms and is built out even with the edge. One of the rooms is 
supported l)y a well made buttress, a feature rare among these ruins. Traces of 
walls which once extended three stories up from the ground, almost to the floor 




Fig. 58. 

SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS. 

%, greenstone, Kentui-ky ; 9", Arkansas ; 9S, South Carolina 



of the upper cavern, can still be seen on the cliff face, and access to the upper 
portion was had, doubtless, by means of terraced roofs of this part. The over- 
hanging cliff extends upward for nearly a thousand feet above the ruin. The 
principal room in the upper portion is two stories high and has been coated with 
a wash of white clay trimmed with yellow ; hence the name of Casa Blauca. 
Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1 : 60. Area represented, 150 feet high, 210 wide. 



134 



COLUMBIAN HISTOTIICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Euiued Pueblo of Wejegi, Cliaco Canyon. This ruin is on the north side of the 
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, close under the cliff, about 9 miles above the junction 
of theEscavada. The interior dimensions of the ruin are about 170 by 118 feet. 
It forms three sides of a hollow square, and presents a front of 15 rooms on the 
longer or 11 rooms on the shorter side. In the north row, some of the walls are 
still standing to heights of from 12 to 18 feet, and this part of the structure was 
at least three stories high. The walls are of stone, shaped as shown, and laid 
up with mud or stone mortar of mud without lime. On the ground jilan there 
are 93 rooms. The north or main row is 5 feet deep; the east and west wings 
are each 4 rooms deep. The rooms on the ground average about 9 feet square. 
There are no openings in the outer wall. There are two circular "estufas" 23 
feet in diameter, in the corners formed by the intersections of the wings with 



252 




2S2, Pyrula shell, India. 



Fig. 59. 

SHELL IMPLEMENTS. 
nunil; 253, Pyrula shell, Kentucky, i 



unil ; 256, Hiiliotis shell, Californir 



the main row, completely inclosing the building, but there is no standing wall 
remaining. The building was once terraced from the court outward. It prob- 
ably contained about 210 rooms, and on the basis of the proportion existing in 
the present inhabited pueblos, probably had a population of about 300 persons. 
Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1 : 60. Area represented, about 1 acre. 
Ruined tower, Colorado. This ruin is within a mile of McElmo Creek, a small tribu- 
tary of the Rio San Juan, in southwestern Colorado. The ruin seems to have 
been a compact village or community dwelling, consisting of two circular build- 
ings and a great number of rectangular apartments. The greater part of the 
village is in such a state of decay as to be hardly traceable among the sagebrush 
and rubbish. The apartments number nearly a hundred and seem generally to 
have been rectangular. The walls of the tower only are standing, and the only 
portion repi-eseuted. It is constructed of roughly hewn stone, and is one of the 
best specimens of this ancient architecture. Scale, 1 inch to 2 feet, 1:24. Area 
represented, 64 by 64 feet. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 135 

Mummy Cave, Canyon del Mnerto, Arizona. This ruin receives its name from a well 
})re8erved mummy discovered in a cist near it. It stands on a shelf as repre- 



230 




Fig. GO. 
HORN AND BONK IMPLEMENTS. 



sented by the model, but has been much reduced from its original width by 
crumbling, and is at a height of 200 feet from the bottom of the clitf. The dwell- 
ing occupied two unequal crescent-shaped caverns, and "follows the configuration 



136 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



of the rock. At the junction of the crescents ou a narrow shelf was a rectangular 
tower three stories in height, the walls and floors of which were ot better mate- 



2S4 




Fig. 61. 

COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 

Uuited States. 



rial and construction than those on either side. The village contained several 
constructions which might have been "estufas"' (sweat houses or cisterns), or 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 137 

215 .,=^^^ 218 




304 












Fig. 62. 

ABORIGINAL TERRA COTTA AND STONE SOULPTDRES. 
3I)4', clay figure, Alabama ; 305, , lay figlre (wolf) (?). Alabama ; 215, limestone, Tennessee ; 216, limestone (human head), Virginia; 
217, rnrruginous sandstone, Ohio; 218, volcanic rock {human face), Tuxpan, Mexico; 219, greenstone (?), Mexico; 220, alabaster, 
Mexico: 221, silicified wcmd. Yucatan. 



138 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

might have been tanks tor holding a sujiply of watex'. No means othei' than is 
apparent from the situation have been suggested as to how the water was obtained. 
The walls are of masonry. The stones of which they were made are lying about 
as when the walls were destroyed. The village might have contained a thou- 
sand inhabitants. The cave and cliff dwellings of this country are at all heights 
in the cliffs, from 30 to 800 feet from the bottom, and the same variation in height 
from the top of the cliff. These towers and some other monuments are quite 
prehistoric, and were in the present mined condition when first visited by the 
Spaniards, and have never been occupied in historic times nor by any known 
peoples. Scale, 1 inch equals 5 feet. 



BRONZE AGE. 

EUROPE. 

The Bronze Age is so named because the principal cutting implements were made of 
bronze. It succeeded the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age in Europe, and pre- 
ceded the Iron Age ; and had a duration of one thousand or two thousand years, 
and in some places possibly three thousand years. No written history of the 
Bronze Age has descended to us. Bronze is a composition of copper and tin in 
the jiroportion of about 10 to 1, and is harder than either of its components. 
The supply in Europe during the Bronze Age seems to have come from the 

^ Orient. Bronze implements were made by hammering and casting, and the 
bronze was used many times over by recasting. No less than fifty-seven bronze 
foundries have been discovered in France, and a proportionate number in Italy, 
the one at Bologna having 14,000 pieces ready for melting. Bronze casting was 
extended to include all manner of prehistoric implements, uteusils, and orna- 
ments, and continued into protohistoric times, Etruscan, Grecian, Roman, etc., 
until its use became as at present. Seventy-five specimens of bronze and 1 
mold for casting knives and pins. 

Bronze hatchets. The people of the Bronze Age in Europe were descendants of 
those of the Neolithic Age, and their bronze hatchets were at first in the same 
general form as the polished stone hatchets of their ancestors. Copper hatchets 
of this form have l»een found, which has given rise to a belief in a Copper Age 
preceding Bronze. Bronze hatchets passed through several stages of evolution, 
though the steps are not alwaj's certain. The first bronze or copper hatchets 
were hammered straight and flat, though sometimes with projecting wings and 
stops on the edges ; second, hatchets cast in molds and with wings and stops; 
third, the wings were increased in size and hammered over to clamp the handle; 
fourth, the socket. Stops and rings appeared in some of the styles. Five 
specimens. 

Bronze hatchet, first style. Plain, straight, the edges thickened by hammering to 
give strength after the fashion of a T-beam of the lu-esent day (fig. 63). Two speci- 
mens in this tray are of copper. These are rare. Many of the bronze hatchets of 
this epoch, and all the copper ones, were made by hammering, but casting was 
soon introduced and became universal. They were inserted in a long handle of 
wood, and doubtless served both as implements and weapons. These are called 
in France hatchets a bords droits. Reproductions of molds for casting are in 
adjacent trays. 

Bronze hatchets, second style. These are always cast and always handled. They 
appear to have been an evolution from the first style. The handle, still of 
wood, was either naturally or artificially bent at the poll ; was split and inserted. 
The stop at the bottom prevented further splitting, while the ring on the inner 
side aft orded means of lashing to the handle (fig. 64). They are called in France a 
talons. Reproductions of molds for casting them are in adjacent trays. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



139 



Bronze hatchets, third style. These are likewise always cast and always handled. 
The handle was bent, split, and the hatchet inserted as in the preceding epoch. 
The wings were cast straight, and, on insertion of the handle, were closed over it 
on each side and hammered down, thus holding the handle firmly (fig. 65). No. 
25243 shows a piece of the original wood thus inserted. Reproductions of molds 
for casting them are iu adjacent trays. 

Bronze hatchets, fourth style. Always cast and always handled. During this epoch 
of the Bronze Age this form was the ue plus ultra of bronze hatchets. They were 
the hardest, best composition, and held their edge the best. They w^re most 
effective whether as implements or as weajjons. The haiulle was inserted iu 
the socket, and, as usual, bent at the poll and lashed with a ring. The square 
forms were peculiar to Brittany, where they have been found en cache (fig. 66), 
(M. de Mortillet found a cache of 100 at Moussaye, and'M. de Chatelier one of 92 
near Pont I'Abbe.) They were occasionally deteriorated in quality and size, and 
were placed in the graves as votive otferings to the dead. Representations of 
molds for casting are in adjacent trays. 

Bronze spearheads. These are all cast. Their use continued into the Iron Age, 
and even into historic times. 
The Etruscans and Romans 
used them as well as did their 
predecessors. 

Bronze swords, poniards, daggers. 
These continued in use until 
a late period. They spread 
o\er Europe and are traceable 
by their different styles. 
Nos. 101584-101586 are from 
Sweden; 101121 from Brit- 
tany, yet this form of grip is 
often found in Italy. No. 
101342 belongs to the Iron 
Age, and shows the scabbard 
and the netting in which it 
was held. The three com- 
plete specimens are casts — 
originals at Konigsberg, Prus- 
sia. Nos. 101584, 101585 are 
Swedish; 101125 is from Brit- '■•'"^""'= 

tany ; they are from a foundry 
of the Bronze Age, and have been broken into bits to be melted and recast. 

Bronze sickles. These were cast in molds of stone or bronze, possibly of sand or 
clay. One of these molds is in the adjoining tray. The implement was attached 
to a wooden handle elaborately carved to fit the hand. (See No. 139765, right- 
hand side of this tray, for example, found by Dr. Gross at the Station of Moer- 
ingen. Lake of Bienne, Switzerland; a cast, the original of which is in the 
Government Museum at Berne.) The sickles were lashed firmly to the handle, 
were provided sometimes with holes, sometimes with rainures, and sometimes 
with button-like protuberances, which, when the implement was fitted to the 
handle, served to fasten it firmly. 

Bronze knives. These are principally from the Swiss lakes. The small labels 
indicate stations in Lake Neuchatel. They were usually cast and usually hard- 
ened by cold hammering. A pair of molds are in the adjoining tray. Notice 
the elegance of form and decoration, superior even to those of modern times. 

Bronze razors. This utensil appeared in use in the Larnaudian epoch.- The large 
crescent-shaped were continued into the later, possiblj' the Iron Age. They 
were cast and then hardened by cold hammering. Despite their appearance, 
thev could be held in the hand with as much firmness as the modern razor. 




Fig. 63. 

BRONZE HATCHETS. 



140 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Bronze hairpins. At the station of the Bronze Age at Wallishofen, Lake Zurich, 
■were found, in 1884, about 2,000 such pins. Some were 16 inches in length with 
a head as large as a walnut. They were decorated with concentric circles and 
not infrequently colored stones more or less precious were inserted. 
Bronze fibuhe (safety pins). These were used during the Bronze Age, continuing 
throughout the Grecian, Etruscan, and Roman civilizations, to he used as pins 
for fastening their garments. They are usually found on opening the ancient 
graves of the latter peoples about the shoulders and breast. 
Bronze center base of shield (Roman clipeus). Remark the decoration by incised 
lines in concentric circles. Similar objects have been found with holes on one 
side near the edge, supposed to have been for suspension. The shield of the 
Romans (and so also believed of the Etruscans) was of immense size, made 
sometimes of leather or hide, and covered with buttons with protruding points 
for spikes. No. 101812 is one of these spikes. 
Bronze strigile. This instrument was used in the bath and by athletes for scraping 
the skin. The hollow or spoonbill held the oil poured into it from the little 

flagon, and with it the skin Avas 
anointed. Notice some with closed 
handles for closed rings. No. 101402 
bears the private mark of the maker 
or owner. 
Bronze belt of a warrior (fragment). 
Found in a tomb near Vulci. Only 
one end or front part has been pre 
served; the center has decayed by 
contact with the earth under the 
back of the extended corpse. The 
holes near the edges secured a bind- 
ing, possibly of leather or cloth. 
Notice the small nails for this pur- 
pose. Tli3 point is split and spread 
each way over the binding. Here 
is the original of the modern McGill 
patent split spike or paper fastener, 
^is- 6^- Fig. 66. specimens of which lie by its side. 

Steatite molds for bronze hatchets (cast). 

Each side thereof has been utilized 

for a similar purpose. Found in Cis- 

M. Brouillet. Original in Musee Clermont- 




Fig. 66. 

BRO.\ZE HATCHETS. 

Europe. 



ternes-la-Foret, Puy-de-D6me, by 

Ferrand. 
Bronze molds for bronze hatchets. A pair of molds complete for casting winged 

hatchets. The wings were made straight, to be hammered over the split handle 

and fasten it firmly. The ring for lashing the handle, the orifice to receive the 

molten metal, and the A-^ents for escape of air are plainly to be seen. Part of the 

treasure of Vandrevauges, near Sarrelouis, Alsace. Gathered by Victor Simon. 

Original at Musee Saint Germain, Paris. No. 8102. 
Bronze molds for socketed bronze hatchets. Cast of a mold, in two pieces, for 

socketed bronze hatchets, fourth style. The ring on the side is plainly shown; 

the core is absent. Found at Bricquebec, Seine-luferieure, France. 
Terra-cotta mold for bronze hammers. With core complete, for socketed hammers. 

From the station of Moeringen, Lake Bienne, Switzerland. Gathered by Dr. 

Gross. Original in Government Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 
Mold for a bronze knife, with a socket. Cast of a mold, with core, for bronze knives, 

with a socket for the insertion of the handle instead of a tang. Complete in 

three pieces. Found by Dr. Gross, Lake Neufchatel. Original in Government 

Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



141 



ABORIGINAL MODES OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. UNITED STATES. 

Various North American tribes still use, though to a limited extent, weapons and 
tools of stone and bone, hafting them according to the methods in vogue among 
their forefathers. Such modern specimens illustrate the manner in wliich the stone 
axes, celts, adzes, and other implements of earlier date were rendered serviceable 
by the addition of handles, and are here shown for purposes of comparison : 
Fig. 323. Grooved greenstone ax, with a hickory withe bent around the groove. The 

ends of the withe, which form the handle, are firmly bound with strips of raw 

hide below the stone head, near the middle, and at the lower part. From the 

Dakota Indians. 
Fig. 324. Polished stone hatchets of argillite, chipped thin at the poll, to fit into the 

cleftendof an oaken stick, where it is secured by twisted cords of sinew. From 

the Indians of the Missouri Valley. 




Fig. 67. 
ABORIGINAL METHODS OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. 



Fig. 325. War club, consisting of a solidly round stone, attached to a long handle 
with rawhide sewed with sinew, and a looned thong in the end for the wrist. 
From the Dakota Indians. 

Fig. 326. A weapon of similar character. In this instance, however, the handle is 
much shorter and the round stone head is not firmly attached by flexible 
thongs. The rawhide covering of the weapon (including the head and handle), 
consists of one piece taken from the caudal portion of an ox, a part of whose 
tail forms an ornamental appendage to the handle. From the Apaches. 

Fig. 327. — A war club with a well-wrought and polished egg-shaped head of yellow- 
ish limestone, and strengthened by a casing of rawhide, which extends about 
6 inches below the head. The jiart of the ashen handle that encircles the stone 
is ornamented with large-headed brass nails. The extremity of the handle, 
again, is enveloped by a tightly fitting covering of rawhide, taken from the 
caudal part of the buffalo. A tuft of the animal's tail lias been retained for 
decoration, and a feather of the wild turkey is attached to the hair by a narrow 
strip of dressed skin. From the Blackfeet. 

Fig. 328. — A weapon of the same description. The polished head is smaller and 
more elongated than in the original of fig. 327. The handle shows the usual 
casing of rawhide, and is looped for a wrist strap. From the Mississippi River 
Valley. 



142 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Fig. 329. — Dagger kuife, chiefly used as a hunting weapon. It consists of a ground 
lancehead-shaped blade of dark slate, inserted and riveted by means of a 
wooden peg into a barbed ivory socket, which is attached to a short cylindrical 
handle of pine wood. From the natives of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 

Fig. 330.— Scabbard of the dagger knife j ust described. Formed by two hollowed 
pieces of piue^ which are held together by a binding of split spruce roots. 



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